Mitochondrial Haplogroup M

Mitochondrial haplogroup M is a huge haplogroup, encompassing many sublineages. All mitochondrial haplogroups considered native outside of Africa are descendants either of the M or N macro-haplogroups. The M haplogroup is thought to have evolved in Asia around 60,000 years ago. This assumption is based on the high frequency and variability of M subclades in Asia.

Subclades

M1: only variant of haplogroup M found in Africa, also found around the Mediterranean and the Middle East
- M1a
  - M1a1
    - M1a1a
      - M1a1a1a1
    - M1a1b
      - M1a1b1
        
        M1a1b1a
        
        M1a1b1b
        
        M1a1b1b1
        
        M1a1b1c
      - M1a1b2
    - M1a1c
    - M1a1d
    - M1a1e
      - M1a1e1
      - M1a1e2
    - M1a1f
    - M1a1g
    - M1a1h
    - M1a1i
  - M1a2
    - M1a2a
    - M1a2b
  - M1a3
    - M1a3a
    - M1a3b
      - M1a3b1
  - M1a4
    - M1a4a
  - M1a5
  - M1a6
  - M1a7
  - M1a8
- M1b
  - M1b1
    - M1b1a
    - M1b1b
  - M1b2
    - M1b2a
    - M1b2b
    - M1b2c
M2: found almost exclusively in South Asia
- M2a
  - M2a1
    - M2a1a
      - M2a1a1
        
        M2a1a1a
        
        M2a1a1a1
        
        M2a1a1b
        
        M2a1a1b1
      - M2a1a2
        
        M2a1a2a
        
        M2a1a2a1
        
        M2a1a2a1a
      - M2a1a3
        
        M2a1a3a
        
        M2a1a3a1
        
        M2a1a3b
    - M2a1b
    - M2a1c
  - M2a2
    - M2a2a
  - M2a3
    - M2a3a
- M2b
  - M2b1
    - M2b1a
    - M2b1b
  - M2b2
  - M2b3
    - M2b3a
  - M2b4
- M2c
M3: found almost exclusively in South Asia
- M3a
  - M3a1
    - M3a1a
  - M3a2
    - M3a2a
- M3b
- M3c
  - M3c1
    - M3c1a
    - M3c1b
      - M3c1b1
        
        M3c1b1a
        
        M3c1b1b
  - M3c2
- M3d
  - M3d1
    - M3d1a
      - M3d1a1
M4: found almost exclusively in South Asia
M5: found almost exclusively in South Asia, including Sherpa from Nepal and Tibet
- M5a
  - M5a1
    - M5a1a
    - M5a1b: also found in Russia
  - M5a2
    - M5a2a
      - M5a2a1
        
        M5a2a1a: also found in Kazakhstan
      - M5a2a2
      - M5a2a3
  - M5a3
    - M5a3a
    - M5a3b
  - M5a4
  - M5a5
- M5b
  - M5b1
  - M5b2
    - M5b2a
    - M5b2b
      - M5b2b1
        
        M5b2b1a
- M5c
  - M5c1
  - M5c2
- M5d
M6: found almost exclusively in South Asia
- M6a
  - M6a1
    - M6a1a
    - M6a1b
  - M6a2
- M6b
M7
- M7a: found in Japan
  - M7a1
    - M7a1a
      - M7a1a1
        
        M7a1a1a
      - M7a1a2
      - M7a1a3
      - M7a1a4
        
        M7a1a4a
      - M7a1a5
        
        M7a1a5a
      - M7a1a6
        
        M7a1a6a
      - M7a1a7
      - M7a1a8
      - M7a1a9
    - M7a1b
      - M7a1b1: found also in Taiwan
      - M7a1b2
  - M7a2: found also in Siberia
    - M7a2a
      - M7a2a1
      - M7a2a2
- M7b: found in throughout East Asia (China, Japan, Siberia), mainland and island Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines)
  - M7b1
    - M7b1a
      - M7b1a1
        
        M7b1a1a
        
        M7b1a1a1
        
        M7b1a1a1a
        
        M7b1a1a1b
        
        M7b1a1a1b1
        
        M7b1a1a1c
        
        M7b1a1a1d
        
        M7b1a1a2
        
        M7b1a1a3
        
        M7b1a1b
        
        M7b1a1c
        
        M7b1a1c1
        
        M7b1a1d
        
        M7b1a1d1
        
        M7b1a1e
        
        M7b1a1e1
        
        M7b1a1e2
        
        M7b1a1f
        
        M7b1a1g
        
        M7b1a1h
        
        M7b1a1i
      - M7b1a2
        
        M7b1a2a
        
        M7b1a2a1
    - M7b1b
  - M7b2
    - M7b2a
- M7c: found throughout Asia, including in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Azerbaijan, Mongolia, Siberia, Indonesia, Philippines and the Ladakh from the Indian Himalayas
  - M7c1
    - M7c1a
      - M7c1a1
        
        M7c1a1a
        
        M7c1a1a1
      - M7c1a2
        
        M7c1a2a
        
        M7c1a2a1
      - M7c1a3
        
        M7c1a3a
      - M7c1a4
        
        M7c1a4a
        
        M7c1a4b
      - M7c1a5
    - M7c1b
      - M7c1b1
      - M7c1b2
        
        M7c1b2a
        
        M7c1b2b
    - M7c1c
      - M7c1c1
      - M7c1c2
        
        M7c1c2a
      - M7c1c3
        
        M7c1c3a
        
        M7c1c3a1
        
        M7c1c3b
        
        M7c1c3c
        
        M7c1c3d
        
        M7c1c3e
        
        M7c1c3f
        
        M7c1c3g
        
        M7c1c3h
        
        M7c1c3i
  - M7c2
    - M7c2a
  - M7c3
M8: found in Japan, China
- M8a
  - M8a1
  - M8a2
    - M8a2a
      - M8a2a1
    - M8a2b
    - M8a2c
    - M8a2d
  - M8a3
    - M8a3a
      - M8a3a1
- CZ
  - C – see C page
  - Z – see Z page
M9
- M9a: found across Asia, including Japan, Korea, China, the Monpa and Sherpa of Tibet, the Ladakh of the Indian Himalayas, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Siberia, Vietnam
  - M9a1
    - M9a1a
      - M9ala1
        
        M9a1a1a
        
        M9a1a1b
        
        M9a1a1c
        
        M9a1a1c1
        
        M9a1a1c1a
        
        M9a1a1c1b
        
        M9a1a1c1c
        
        M9a1a1d
      - M9a1a2
    - M9a1b
      - M9a1b1
        
        M9a1b1a
        
        M9a1b1a1
        
        M9a1b1b
        
        M9a1b1c
      - M9a1b2
  - M9a4
    - M9a4a
      - M9a4a1
    - M9a4b
  - M9a5
- M9b: found in East and Southeast Asia, including China, Vietnam
- E – see E page
M10: found across Asia, including China, Japan, Siberia, India, Myanmar, as well as Eastern Europe (north-western Russia)
- M10a
  - M10a1
    - M10a1a
      - M10a1a1
        
        M10a1a1a
        
        M10a1a1b
        
        M10a1a1b1
  - M10a2
M11: found across Asia, including India, China, Japan, Tibet, Siberia
- M11a
  - M11a1
  - M11a2
- M11b
  - M11b1
    - M11b1a
  - M11b2
- M11c
- M11d
M12: found across Asia, including China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, India
- M12a
  - M12a1
    - M12a1a
      - M12a1a1
      - M12a1a2
    - M12a1b
  - M12a2
- M12b
  - M12b1
    - M12b1a
      - M12b1a1
      - M12b1a2
        
        M12b1a2a
        
        M12b1a2b
    - M12b1b
  - M12b2
    - M12b2a
M13: found across Asia, including India, Japan, China, Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia
- M13a
  - M13a1
    - M13a1a
    - M13a1b
  - M13a2
- M13b
  - M13b1
  - M13b2
- M13c
M14: found in Australian aborigines and also on the Arabian Peninsula
M15: found in Australian aborigines
M17: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines
- M17a
- M17c
  - M17c1
    - M17c1a
      - M17c1a1
        
        M17c1a1a
M18: found almost exclusively in South Asia, Southeast Asia
- M18a
- M18b
- M18c
M19: found in the Philippines
M20
M21: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines
- M21a
- M21b
  - M21b1
    - M21b1a
  - M21b2
M22: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Malaysia
- M22a
- M22b
M23: found in the Malagasy in Madagascar
M24: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, the Philippines, also China
- M24a
- M24b
M25: found almost exclusively in South Asia
M26: found in Indonesia
M27: found in the Bougainville, New Britain, New Ireland provinces of Papua New Guinea,
- M27a
- M27b
- M27c
M28: found in Oceania, including Vanuatu, the New Britain province of Papua New Guinea, West Polynesia
- M28a
- M28b
M29: found in New Guinea
- M29a
- M29b
M30: found in South Asia
- M30a
  - M30a1
  - M30a2
- M30b
- M30c
  - M30c1
    - M30c1a
      - M30c1a1
- M30d
  - M30d1
  - M30d2
- M30e
- M30f
- M30g
M31: found in the Andaman Islands, India, Nepal
- M31a
  - M31a1
    - M31a1a
    - M31a1b
  - M31a2
- M31b
  - M31b1
  - M23b2
- M31c
M32: found in the Andaman Islands
- M32a
- M32c
M33: found throughout Asia, including India, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Iraq
- M33a
  - M33a1
    - M33a1a
    - M33a1b
  - M33a2
    - M33a2a
  - M33a3
    - M33a3a
- M33b
  - M33b1
  - M33b2
- M33c
- M33d
M34: found in South Asia, including India
- M34a
  - M34a1
    - M34a1a
  - M34a2
- M34b
M35: found in South Asia, including India, Nepal
- M35a
  - M35a1
    - M35a1a
  - M35a2
- M35b
  - M35b1
  - M35b2
  - M35b3
- M35c
M36: found in India
- M36a
- M36b
- M36c
- M36d
  - M36d1
M37: found in South Asia
- M37a
  - M37a1
- M37d
- M37e
  - M37e2
M38: found in South Asia, Southeast Asia
- M38a
- M38b
- M38c
- M38d
- M38e
M39: found in India
- M39a
  - M39a1
  - M39a2
- M39b
  - M39b1
  - M39b2
- M39c
M40: found in India
- M40a
  - M40a1
    - M40a1a
    - M40a1b
M41: found in India
- M41a
  - M41a1
- M41b
- M41c
M42: found in Australian aborigines, India
- M42a
- M42b
  - M42b1
    - M42b1a
M43: found in South Asia, Southeast Asia (India, Myanmar, Nepal)
- M43a
  - M43a1
- M43b
M44: found in India
- M44a
  - M44a1
M45: found in Tibet, India
- M45a
M46: found in Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, Thailand, also in the Malagasy of Madagascar
- M46a
M47
M48
M49: found across South, Southeast and East Asia, including China, India, Myanmar
- M49a
  - M49a1
  - M49a2
- M49c
  - M49c1
- M49d
- M49e
  - M49e1
M50: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines
- M50a
  - M50a1
  - M50a2
M51: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia
- M51a
  - M51a1
    - M51a1a
    - M51a1b
  - M51a2
- M51b
  - M51b1
    - M51b1a
    - M51b1b
M52: found in South and Southeast Asia, including India, Nepal, Philippines
- M52a
  - M52a1
    - M52a1a
    - M52a1b
      - M52a1b1
- M52b
  - M52b1
    - M52b1a
M53: found in South Asia
- M53b
M54: found in Tibet, Nepal, Southeast Asia (Thailand)
M55: found in Southeast Asia
M56: found in India
M57: found in India
- M57a
- M57b
  - M57b1
M58: found in South and Southeast Asia
M59: found in Cambodia
M60: found in South Asia, including India, Nepal
- M60a
  - M60a1
  - M60a2
- M60b
M61: found in East and Southeast Asia
- M61a
M62: found in India, Tibet
- M62a
- M62b
  - M62b1
    - M62b1a
      - M62b1a1
  - M62b2
M63: found in South Asia
M64: found in South Asia
M65: found in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet
- M65a
  - M65a1
  - M65a2
- M65b
M66: found in South Asia (India, Nepal)
- M66a
- M66b
M67: found in India
M68: found in Cambodia
- M68a
  - M68a1
    - M68a1a
  - M68a2
    - M68a2a
M69: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia, including Cambodia and Indonesia
- M69a
M70: found in Tibet
M71: found in East and Southeast Asia, including China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines
- M71a
  - M71a1
    - M71a1a
  - M71a2
- M71b
- M71c
M72: found in East and Southeast Asia, including China, Myanmar and Philippines
- M72a
M73: found in mainland and island Southeast Asia including Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia and the Philippines
- M73a
  - M73a1
- M73b
M74: found in East and Southeast Asia, including China, Indonesia, Myanmar
- M74a
- M74b
  - M74b1
  - M74b2
M75: found in East Asia
M76: found in East Asia
- M76a
M77: found in Vietnam
M79: found in East Asia
M80: found in the Philippines
M81: found in India
M91: found in Central and Southeast Asia, including Tibet, Cambodia
- M91a
- M91b
G
Q
D

Links

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_M_%28mtDNA%29